Constraint

Constraint

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Constraints inform the compiler about the capabilities a type argument must have. Without any constraints, the type argument could be any type. The compiler can only assume the members of System.Object, which is the ultimate base class for any .NET type. For more information, see Why use constraints. If client code uses a type that doesn't satisfy a constraint, the compiler issues an error. Constraints are specified by using the where contextual keyword. The following table lists the various types of constraints:

Constraints specify the capabilities and expectations of a type parameter. Declaring those constraints means you can use the operations and method calls of the constraining type. If your generic class or method uses any operation on the generic members beyond simple assignment or calling any methods not supported by System.Object, you'll apply constraints to the type parameter. For example, the base class constraint tells the compiler that only objects of this type or derived from this type will be used as type arguments. Once the compiler has this guarantee, it can allow methods of that type to be called in the generic class. The following code example demonstrates the functionality you can add to the GenericList class (in Introduction to Generics) by applying a base class constraint.

The constraint enables the generic class to use the Employee.Name property. The constraint specifies that all items of type T are guaranteed to be either an Employee object or an object that inherits from Employee.

When applying the where T : class constraint, avoid the == and != operators on the type parameter because these operators will test for reference identity only, not for value equality. This behavior occurs even if these operators are overloaded in a type that is used as an argument. The following code illustrates this point; the output is false even though the String class overloads the == operator.

The compiler only knows that T is a reference type at compile time and must use the default operators that are valid for all reference types. If you must test for value equality, the recommended way is to also apply the where T : IEquatable or where T : IComparable constraint and implement the interface in any class that will be used to construct the generic class.

The use of a generic type parameter as a constraint is useful when a member function with its own type parameter has to constrain that parameter to the type parameter of the containing type, as shown in the following example:

The usefulness of type parameters as constraints with generic classes is limited because the compiler can assume nothing about the type parameter except that it derives from System.Object. Use type parameters as constraints on generic classes in scenarios in which you want to enforce an inheritance relationship between two type parameters.

You can use the notnull constraint to specify that the type argument must be a non-nullable value type or non-nullable reference type. Unlike most other constraints, if a type argument violates the notnull constraint, the compiler generates a warning instead of an error.

The notnull constraint has an effect only when used in a nullable context. If you add the notnull constraint in a nullable oblivious context, the compiler doesn't generate any warnings or errors for violations of the constraint.

The class constraint in a nullable context specifies that the type argument must be a non-nullable reference type. In a nullable context, when a type argument is a nullable reference type, the compiler generates a warning.

The addition of nullable reference types complicates the use of T in a generic type or method. T can be used with either the struct or class constraint, but one of them must be present. When the class constraint was used, T referred to the nullable reference type for T. Beginning with C# 9, T can be used when neither constraint is applied. In that case, T is interpreted as T for value types and reference types. However, if T is an instance of Nullable, T is the same as T. In other words, it doesn't become T.

Because T can now be used without either the class or struct constraint, ambiguities can arise in overrides or explicit interface implementations. In both those cases, the override doesn't include the constraints, but inherits them from the base class. When the base class doesn't apply either the class or struct constraint, derived classes need to somehow specify an override applies to the base method without either constraint. That's when the derived method applies the default constraint. The default constraint clarifies neither the class nor struct constraint.

You can use the unmanaged constraint to specify that the type parameter must be a non-nullable unmanaged type. The unmanaged constraint enables you to write reusable routines to work with types that can be manipulated as blocks of memory, as shown in the following example:

The preceding method must be compiled in an unsafe context because it uses the sizeof operator on a type not known to be a built-in type. Without the unmanaged constraint, the sizeof operator is unavailable.

The unmanaged constraint implies the struct constraint and can't be combined with it. Because the struct constraint implies the new() constraint, the unmanaged constraint can't be combined with the new() constraint as well.

You can use System.Delegate or System.MulticastDelegate as a base class constraint. The CLR always allowed this constraint, but the C# language disallowed it. The System.Delegate constraint enables you to write code that works with delegates in a type-safe manner. The following code defines an extension method that combines two delegates provided they're the same type:

You can also specify the System.Enum type as a base class constraint. The CLR always allowed this constraint, but the C# language disallowed it. Generics using System.Enum provide type-safe programming to cache results from using the static methods in System.Enum. The following sample finds all the valid values for an enum type, and then builds a dictionary that maps those values to its string representation.

This pattern enables the C# compiler to determine the containing type for the overloaded operators, or any static virtual or static abstract method. It provides the syntax so that the addition and subtraction operators can be defined on a containing type. Without this constraint, the parameters and arguments would be required to be declared as the interface, rather than the type parameter:

The preceding syntax would require implementers to use explicit interface implementation for those methods. Providing the extra constraint enables the interface to define the operators in terms of the type parameters. Types that implement the interface can implicitly implement the interface methods.

Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table. This ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data in the table. If there is any violation between the constraint and the data action, the action is aborted.

MariaDB supports the implementation of constraints at the table-level using either CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statements. A table constraint restricts the data you can add to the table. If you attempt to insert invalid data on a column, MariaDB throws an error.

Constraints provide restrictions on the data you can add to a table. This allows you to enforce data integrity from MariaDB, rather than through application logic. When a statement violates a constraint, MariaDB throws an error.

Before a row is inserted or updated, all constraints are evaluated in the order they are defined. If any constraint expression returns false, then the row will not be inserted or updated.One can use most deterministic functions in a constraint, including UDFs.

If you use the second format and you don't give a name to the constraint, then the constraint will get an automatically generated name. This is done so that you can later delete the constraint with ALTER TABLE DROP constraint_name.

One can disable all constraint expression checks by setting the check_constraint_checks variable to OFF. This is useful for example when loading a table that violates some constraints that you want to later find and fix in SQL.

In row-based replication, only the master checks constraints, and failed statements will not be replicated. In statement-based replication, the slaves will also check constraints. Constraints should therefore be identical, as well as deterministic, in a replication environment.

In this example, the first line defines the function to be minimized (called the objective function, loss function, or cost function). The second and third lines define two constraints, the first of which is an inequality constraint and the second of which is an equality constraint. These two constraints are hard constraints, meaning that it is required that they be satisfied; they define the feasible set of candidate solutions.

If the problem mandates that the constraints be satisfied, as in the above discussion, the constraints are sometimes referred to as hard constraints. However, in some problems, called flexible constraint satisfaction problems, it is preferred but not required that certain constraints be satisfied; such non-mandatory constraints are known as soft constraints. Soft constraints arise in, for example, preference-based planning. In a MAX-CSP problem, a number of constraints are allowed to be violated, and the quality of a solution is measured by the number of satisfied constraints.

Global constraints are used[3] to simplify the modeling of constraint satisfaction problems, to extend the expressivity of constraint languages, and also to improve the constraint resolution: indeed, by considering the variables altogether, infeasible situations can be seen earlier in the solving process. Many of the global constraints are referenced into an online catalog.

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